Logging-induced change (1930–2002) of a preindustrial landscape at the northern range limit of northern hardwoods, eastern Canada
نویسندگان
چکیده
Logging-induced changes from preindustrial (1930) to current conditions (2002) were studied in a landscape covering 13 550 ha in eastern Quebec. Age and types of forest cover were compared between 1930 and 2002 forest maps. In addition, we compared relative species abundance between living stems and coarse woody debris to study these changes at the stand scale. More than 90% of the 1930 preindustrial landscape was composed of forest stands older than 100 years. A balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) – white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) dominated conifer cover (77% of the landscape area) formed the landscape matrix across the lowlands and was intermingled with mixed stands of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and conifers on the highlands. As a result of recurrent logging, stands less than 70 years old accounted for 93% of the 2002 landscape. From 1930 to 2002, 37% of the landscape was converted from coniferous to mixed forest, and 19% evolved towards a deciduous cover. The total number of cover patches doubled to 193, whereas mean patch size decreased twofold to 65 ha. Sugar maple, red maple (Acer rubrum L.), striped maple (Acer pennsylvanicum L.), and white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) probably experienced a greater increase in abundance, whereas balsam fir, white spruce, and eastern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) experienced a more pronounced decrease. Because it does not consider preindustrial landscape patterns, the system of ecological land classification currently in use in this area suggests that potential late-successional cover types should be more similar to present-day than to preindustrial conditions. Résumé : Les changements causés par les coupes forestières ont été documentés dans un paysage de 13 550 ha de l’est du Québec. Les types et l’âge des couverts forestiers ont été comparés entre des cartes établies en 1930 et 2002. L’abondance relative des espèces a aussi été comparée entre les arbres vivants et les débris ligneux grossiers pour quantifier ces changements à l’échelle d’un site. Plus de 90 % du paysage de 1930 était âgé de plus de 100 ans alors qu’une matrice coniférienne de sapin baumier (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) et d’épinette blanche (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) occupait 77 % de la surface totale du paysage dans les basses terres. Les hautes terres étaient plutôt colonisées par des peuplements mélangés d’érable à sucre (Acer saccharum Marsh.) et de conifères. À cause des coupes répétées qui ont suivi, le paysage de 2002 était composé à 93 % de forêts de moins de 70 ans. Entre 1930 et 2002, 37 % du paysage est passé d’un couvert coniférien à un couvert mélangé et 19 % est devenu feuillu. Le nombre total de plaques a doublé pour atteindre 193 alors que la superficie moyenne des plaques a été réduite de moitié à 65 ha. L’érable à sucre, l’érable rouge (Acer rubrum L.), l’érable de Pennsylvanie (Acer pensylvanicum L.) et le bouleau blanc (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) sont probablement les espèces qui ont affiché les plus fortes hausses d’abondance alors que le sapin baumier, l’épinette blanche et le thuya occidental (Thuja occidentalis L.) sont probablement celles qui ont subi les plus fortes baisses entre 1930 et l’actuel. Parce qu’il ne considère pas la végétation pré-coupe, le système de classification écologique utilisé dans notre région d’étude suggère que les types de couverts de fin de succession devraient être davantage similaires à la végétation actuelle qu’à celle de l’époque pré-industrielle.
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